Features of Turbulence

Approximate Estimates for Scales of Turbulence

For a pipe of diameter d, the energy containing eddies are of the order of

,

(9)

with a frequency of

,

(10)

where =  is the shear velocity and  is the mean velocity in the pipe. The Kolmogorov length scale is given by

,

(11)

and

,

(12)

is the frequency of the Kolmogorov eddies.

The size of the most dissipative eddies is (about )

,

(13)

with a frequency of ( )

,

(14)

The largest eddies in the pipe are of the order of  with a frequency of about .